WEAPONS: Pompeii gladius and scabbard, from the Axel Guttmann Collection.

Close-up of Pompeii gladius, showing owners' names: C. Valer[i] Pr[imi] / C.Valeri[i] Pri[mi]" and "C. Valeri[i] P[rimi] C. Raniu[s]/C. Vale[ri] Pri[i].

Tip of Pompeii gladius, showing raised "mail opener" spine.

Side view of Pompeii gladius point.

Lockett of the Pompeii scabbard, showing pierced decoration.

Chape of Pompeii gladius scabbard.

At right, replica of Pompeii gladius. To right, authentic dolabra head and cover.

Spear point, probably Hellenistic Greek or Macedonian, ca. 340-200 BC. Made of iron and tinned or silvered. Balkan find. Michaels Collection.

Iron late javelin point, probably 1st-3rd century AD. Michaels Collection.

Inscribed iron ax head, Balkans find.

Inscription on ax head, incised and inlaid with brass.The letters A VICT CLA... can be made out, possibly the owner's name.

BODY ARMOR (w/weapons): Two swords, dagger, and lorica segmentata fragments, from Axel Guttmann Collection.

Close up of shoulder section fragment, Corbridge lorica segmentata.

Girth hoop fragment, Corbridge lorica sgmentata.

Greco-Italian muscle cuirass, overall view. Made of bronze or brass overall, with nipples of inlaid silver. Probably ca. 325-250 BC. Guttmann Collection.

Oblique view of breastplate.

Italic triple-disc cuirass, 3th-3rd century BC. Most often identified with the Samnites. Guttmann Collection.

Greek early muscle cuirass, front and back, ca. early 5th century BC. Freeman & Sear inventory, acquired in Germany from an old European collection.

Composite image of plate-mail hybrid armor, inscribed with owner's name (see post-conservation image). Probably late 1st century BC-early 1st century AD. Private European collection. Publication pending.

Second set of composite images of plate-mail hybrid. The plate section is hinged lengthwise along the shoulder line, with a raised "collar" for the neck.

Side view of mail-plate composit, showing rolled "collar" and stud for holding two sections together.

Other side of shoulder-collar assembly.

Manya models the shoulder / neck section to show how it would have appeared in place.

Rear view of shoulder armor in place.

Plate-mail hybrid, post-conservation, revealing inscription as O P. MAMILIO. Q. L. ("Optimus [or Opimius?] Mamilio, freedman of Quintus"). Also revealed are the tiny domed rivets fastening the mail rings to the front edge of the shoulder section.

Plate-mail hybrid, post-conservation. Top view.

Another angle. The excellent state of the iron is probably due to it having been in a fire shortly before burial.

Closer view of left shoulder section, post-conservation.

Underside of shoulder / neck piece, showing elaborate hinge. The pin holding the section together is modern.

Roman greave, probably second-third century AD. Found in Balkans region, now in a private collection.

Underside of greave, showing attachment rings.

Composite photo of Greek greave, ca. 5th-4th century BC.

Eight phalarae, mostly from separate finds, Guttmann Collection.

Two openwork phalarae, Guttmann Collection.

SHIELD COMPONENTS: Elaborate shield boss, originally from Guttmann Collection, now in another private European collection.

Low angle view of elaborate parade boss, showing high relief. The head is probably that of an amazon, one of the "teams" in cavalry sports.

Backside of elaborate boss. The bronze is less than 1 mm thick.

Decorated shield boss, Guttmann Collection.

Fittings for interior of Greek hoplon shield, ca. 480-400 BC. Guttmann Collection.

Roman shield boss, probably mid-1st-2nd century AD, Balkan find.

Reverse side of umbo, showing iron grip (corroded through) secured to back with rivets.

Close-up of handle.

Oblique view of umbo, showing shape of domed boss.

Back of badly damaged Roman iron shield boss, late 2nd-3rd century AD. Note use of staple-like bent nail for securing to shield boards.

Top view of damaged umbo.

Side view showing umbo "staples." Fortuitously, they reveal the exact thickness of the shield boards: 16-17 mm or a little under half an inch.

Pair or iron shield facings, probably late Macedonian or Geto-Dacian, ca. 3rd-1st century BC. Each has a diameter of 35 cm and a thickness of 3-5 mm.

Another iron Macedonian or Geto-Dacian shield facing, depicting a bull in the tondo.

Iron shield facing, Macedonian or Geto-Dacian, depicting fanstastic animal walking to left.

Macedonian or Geto-Dacian iron shield facing depicting griffin (or gryphon). All probably 3rd-1st century BC.

Macedonian or Geto-Dacian iron shield facing, ca. 300-100 BC, depicting bull striding left.