Guttmann Collection: Pompeii gladius and scabbard.

Close-up of Pompeii gladius, showing owners' names: C. Valer[i] Pr[imi] / C.Valeri[i] Pri[mi]" and "C. Valeri[i] P[rimi] C. Raniu[s]/C. Vale[ri] Pri[i].

Tip of Pompeii gladius, showing raised "mail opener" spine.

Side view of Pompeii gladius point.

Lockett of the Pompeii scabbard, showing pierced decoration.

Chape pf Pompeii gladius scabbard.

At right, replica of Pompeii gladius. To right, authentic dolabra head and cover.

Two swords, dagger, and lorica segmentata fragments.

Close up of shoulder section fragment, Corbridge lorica segmentata.

Girth hoop fragment, Corbridge lorica sgmentata.

Elaborate shield boss.

Decorated shield boss.

Eight phalarae, mostly from separate finds.

Two openwork phalarae.

Muscle cuirass, overall view. Made of bronze or brass overall, with nipples of inlaid silver.

Oblique view of breastplate.

Fittings for interior of Greek hoplon shield.

Italic triple-disc cuirass, 3th-3rd century BC. Most often identified with the Samnites.

Not from Guttmann collection: Roman greave, probably second-third century AD. Found in Balkans region, now in a private collection.

Underside of greave, showing attachment rings.

Inscribed iron ax head, Balkans find.

Inscription on ax head, incised and inlaid with brass.The letters A VICT CLA... can be made out, possibly the owner's name.

Spear point, probably Hellenistic Greek, ca, 340-200 BC. Made of iron and tinned or silvered.

Roman shield boss, probably mid-1st-2nd century AD, Balkan find.

Reverse side of umbo, showing iron grip (corroded through) secured to back with rivets.

Close-up of handle.

Oblique view of umbo, showing shape of domed boss.

Back of badly damaged Roman iron shield boss, late 2nd-3rd century AD. Note use of staple-like bent nail for securing to shield boards.

Top view of damaged umbo.

Side view showing umbo "staples." Fortuitously, they reveal the exact thickness of the shield boards: 16-17 mm or a little under half an inch.

Pair or iron shield facings, probably late Macedonian or Dacian, ca. 3rd-1st century BC. Each has a diameter of 35 cm and a thickness of 3-5 mm.

Another iron Geto-Dacian shield facing, depicting a bull in the tondo.

Geto-Dacian iron shield facing depicting griffin (or gryphon). All probably 3rd-1st century BC.

Greek early muscle cuirass, front and back, ca. early 5th century BC.

Composite image of plate-mail hybrid armor, inscribed Q. Aemilio Q. L. (possibly Quintus Aemilius, freedman of Quintus). Probably late 1st century BC-early 1st century AD. Private collection.

Second set of composite images of plate-mail hybrid. The plate section is hinged lengthwise along the shoulder line, with a raised "collar" for the neck.

Side view of mail-plate composit, showing rolled "collar" and stud for holding two sections together.

Other side of shoulder-collar assembly.

Manya models the shoulder / neck section to show how it would have appeared in place.

Rear view of shoulder armor in place.

Composite photo of Greek greave, ca. 5th-4th century BC.